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HPV Vaccine for School-Aged Children: Key to Preventing Cervical and Penile Cancers in Children

HPV Vaccine for School-Aged Children: Key to Preventing Cervical and Penile Cancers in Children

    人類乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)感染可引發多種癌症,近年已有研究證實男士亦難倖免,HPV病毒與多種男性癌症相關。養和家庭醫學及基層醫療中心駐院醫生曾尚賢醫生指出,HPV可引起子宮頸癌、口腔癌、喉癌、陰道癌、陰莖癌或肛門癌等。然而,透過接種疫苗,可以有效降低感染高風險致癌HPV的風險。應否在有性經驗前接種?哪個年紀才適齡接種?以下5個問題,男童、女童、成人、家長也要知道。

     

    關於人類乳頭瘤病毒HPV的5個問題


    1. HPV是什麼?感染後會有明顯症狀嗎?潛伏時間可以有多長?

    HPV是一種主要經由性接觸傳播的病毒,此病毒的家族成員繁衍,部分屬於低風險類型,不構成嚴重健康威脅;亦有些屬於可致病的高風險類型,例如可引起性病疣,甚至癌症。

     

    曾尚賢醫生強調,HPV感染者一般沒有明顯症狀,難以知悉是否已受感染,即使能被檢測,目前並沒有可以根治的方法。「人體有九成機會可於1至2年內自行清除HPV病毒,但若有病毒殘留或持續感染,有可能在10至20年後才發展成癌症。」

     

    2. 一旦感染HPV是否只會患上子宮頸癌?有否其他癌症風險?

    近年愈來愈多研究確立感染HPV與多種癌症的關係。曾醫生稱,高風險類型的HPV不但有機會引起子宮頸癌,更與陰道癌、陰莖癌、肛門癌等相關;而HPV與喉癌等口腔癌症關係亦非常密切,因此必須做好預防措施。

     

    3. 如何預防HPV感染?HPV疫苗有效和安全嗎?會引起副作用嗎?

    由於HPV主要經由性接觸傳播,採取安全性行為包括正確使用安全套及避免濫交,有助減低感染風險,但曾醫生指出,這並非等於百分百抵禦病毒侵襲。近年的臨床研究顯示,HPV疫苗可以有效預防 HPV感染,而疫苗亦由初期推出的二價疫苗(即針對兩種HPV類型),逐漸發展出四價及現時的九價疫苗,可覆蓋的病毒型號更加廣泛。

     

    至於接種疫苗的副作用,曾醫生表示,根據臨床個案所見,接種疫苗後出現嚴重不良反應比較罕見,而常見副作用主要包括注射的位置疼痛,或因免疫反應而出現疲倦和發燒等,一般處方退燒藥物便可減輕症狀。

     

    4. 哪個年齡層最適合接種HPV疫苗?若錯過了仍可接種嗎?

    曾醫生引述世界衞生組織的建議,接種HPV疫苗的最佳時機是在未有性行為之前,以獲得最大的保護效果。若在9至14歲期間接種疫苗,只需兩劑疫苗便可以有足夠的保護力;及至15歲或以後,則建議接種三劑。至於日後需否接種加強劑,則視乎臨床及研究數據而定。按目前的研究數據顯示,疫苗保護力至少持續約10年。

     

    醫學界已證實,接種HPV疫苗有助預防多種可致命的癌症,因此本港政府自2019/20學年開始,為就讀小五及小六的女學童接種HPV疫苗;於2004至08年出生、未完成接種的女性亦可透過「補種計劃」接種HPV疫苗。「至於已成年或已有性經驗的人士,如未有感染HPV,接種疫苗仍能有一定保護力。」

     

    5. 是否所有人都適合接種HPV疫苗?本港男童接種的情况如何?

    雖然HPV疫苗能預防感染,但並非人人適合。曾醫生表示,相關藥廠訂明,疫苗適合9至45歲人士接種。此外,對疫苗成分過敏的人士也不宜接種。

     

    隨着政府將HPV疫苗納入疫苗接種計劃,家長對HPV疫苗的接受程度明顯提高。惟對於為男童安排接種疫苗,則未見積極性。曾醫生指出:「一般而言,兒童害怕打針,加上家長或認為迫切性不高,故此未有考慮。」

     

    曾醫生強調,近年已有研究證實HPV感染與多種男性癌症有關,因此醫學界亦鼓勵男性接種HPV疫苗,部分國家及地區更已將男童納入免費HPV疫苗接種計劃內,期望日後本港的男童亦能受惠,以得到更全面的保護。

     

    醫生Tips:家長教導子女安全性行為  要懂得保護自己

    他提醒家長,應教育子女HPV是一種十分常見、並有致癌風險的病毒,而HPV疫苗可有效、安全地預防部分HPV型號感染,從而減少患上相關癌症的風險。因此,在適齡階段愈早接種,成效愈好。

    此外,他更建議家長宜教導子女正確了解性知識和安全性行為的重要性,還要懂得拒絕,尤其是得知性伴侶患有性病或其他症狀時,一定要「say no」,才能保障自己的健康。

     

    什麼年齡最適合接種HPV疫苗?

    世界衞生組織建議在未有性行為前接種效果最佳。9至14歲只需兩劑,15歲或以上則建議三劑。

     

    若已經有性經驗或成年,還能接種HPV疫苗嗎?

    可以。即使已有性經驗,只要未感染HPV,接種疫苗仍能提供一定保護力,降低日後患癌風險。

     

    文章於2025年12月29日刊於《明報健康網》

     

    About Dr. TSANG Sheung Yin, Stanley

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    曾尚賢醫生

    Dr. TSANG Sheung Yin, Stanley

    Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital

    Resident Medical Officer

    Honorary Clinical Assistant Professor in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care (HKU)

    Clinical Assistant Professor (Honorary) in Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care (CUHK)

    • MBChB (CUHK)
    • FRACGP
    • FHKCFP
    • DFM(CUHK)
    • MFM (CUHK)

    Contact Us

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    Happy Valley

    Address:
    G/F, Li Shu Pui Block,
    Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital,
    2 Village Road, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
    Service hours:
    Monday to Friday: 9:00 am - 7:00 pm (except public holidays)
    Saturday: 9:00 am - 1:00 pm
    The Outpatient Department provides 24-hour service outside the office hours of the Family Medicine and Primary Care Centre and on Sundays and public holidays.

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    Central

    Address:
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    Admiralty

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    Island East

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    5 A Kung Ngam Village Road, Shau Kei Wan, Hong Kong
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    Tel.:
    (852) 2917 1180
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    (852) 2892 7403
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